Ethereum is a platform and a programming language that makes it possible for any developer to build and publish next-generation distributed applications.  Ethereum can be used to codify, decentralize, secure and trade just about anything: voting, domain names, financial exchanges, crowdfunding, company governance, contracts and agreements of mostkind, intellectual property, and even smart property thanks to hardware integration. Ethereum borrows the concept of decentralized consensus that makes bitcoin so resilient, yet makes it trivial to build on its foundation.

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Ethereum (ETH) is a cryptocurrency . Users are able to generate ETH through the process of mining. Ethereum has a current supply of 119,786,758.749. The last known price of Ethereum is 2,941.86480327 USD and is down -0.22 over the last 24 hours. It is currently trading on 5527 active market(s) with $18,115,041,131.55 traded over the last 24 hours. More information can be found at https://www.ethereum.org/.

Ethereum

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KR1 plc (KR1:AQSE) is Europe's leading digital asset investment company focused on decentralised and open-source blockchain networks. Founded in March 2016 and publicly traded on London’s AQSE Exchange, KR1 plc has been an early investor in many foundational projects in the emerging digital asset industry.

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Supporting teams fueling the decentralization of the web and society

1confirmation

<p>The next update of Ethereum 2.0 is coming nearer. But before that let&rsquo;s find out more about what is Ethereum? After Bitcoin,&nbsp;<strong>Ethereum is frequently referred to be the second most popular cryptocurrency.&nbsp;</strong>Unlike Bitcoin and most other virtual currencies, however, Ethereum is meant to be far more than a means of trade or a store of wealth. Ethereum, on the other hand, refers to itself as a decentralized computer network based on blockchain technology.</p>
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<h1 id="the-history-of-ethereum" class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color"><span id="The_history_of_Ethereum" class="ez-toc-section"></span>The history of Ethereum</h1>
<p>In late 2013,&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Vitalik Buterin</strong></a>, a programmer and co-founder of Bitcoin Magazine, presented Ethereum in a whitepaper with the purpose of&nbsp;<strong>constructing decentralized apps.</strong></p>
<p>Buterin argued to the Bitcoin core developers that Bitcoin and blockchain technology may benefit from uses other than money and that a more robust language for application development was needed, which could lead to the blockchain storing real-world assets such as stocks and property.</p>
<p>Buterin collaborated briefly with&nbsp;<strong><a href="https://twitter.com/yoniassia?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eToro CEO Yoni Assia</a></strong>&nbsp;on the Colored Coins initiative in 2013,&nbsp;<strong>writing a whitepaper explaining potential use cases for blockchain technology</strong>. However, after failing to reach an&nbsp;agreement on how to proceed with the project, he recommended the creation of a new platform with a more robust scripting language a Turing-complete programming language that would later become Ethereum.</p>
<p><strong>In January 2014, Ethereum was announced during the North American Bitcoin Conference in Miami.</strong>&nbsp;Gavin Wood, Charles Hoskinson, and Anthony Di Iorio (who funded the project) leased a house in Miami alongside Buterin during the conference to get a better feel of what Ethereum may become. Di Iorio summoned buddy Joseph Lubin, who summoned reporter Morgen Peck. Peck later wrote about the encounter in Wired.</p>
<p>Six months later, the founders reconvened in a residence in Zug, Switzerland, where Buterin informed them that the project would be run as a non-profit. At the time, Hoskinson had departed the project.</p>
<p>Ethereum&rsquo;s founders are exceptionally numerous.&nbsp;<strong><a href="https://twitter.com/diiorioanthony" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthony Di Iorio</a></strong>&nbsp;penned: &ldquo;In December 2013, Vitalik Buterin, myself,<strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/IOHK_Charles?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Charles Hoskinson</a></strong>,<strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/mihaialisie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mihai Alisie</a></strong>, and Amir Chetrit (the original 5) launched Ethereum. In early 2014,&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/ethereumjoseph" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Joseph Lubin</strong></a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/gavofyork?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Gavin Wood</strong></a>, and&nbsp;<strong><a href="https://twitter.com/jeffehh" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jeffrey Wilcke</a></strong>&nbsp;were added as founders.&rdquo; The software&rsquo;s formal development began in early 2014 through a Swiss business, Ethereum Switzerland GmbH. (EthSuisse).</p>
<p>Following that, a Swiss non-profit foundation, the Ethereum Foundation (Stiftung Ethereum), was established. From July through August 2014, an online public crowd sale was held, with participants purchasing the Ethereum value token (Ether) with another digital currency, Bitcoin.&nbsp;<strong>While Ethereum&rsquo;s technological advances were first praised, concerns were expressed regarding its security and scalability.</strong></p>
<p>An unnamed hacker stole $50 million in Ether in 2016, raising concerns about the platform&rsquo;s security. This sparked a schism in the Ethereum community, resulting in the formation of two blockchains:&nbsp;<strong>Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum Classic (ETC).</strong>&nbsp;The price of Ether has fluctuated dramatically, yet the&nbsp;<strong>Ethereum currency increased by more than 13,000% in 2017</strong>. Many investors are drawn to the great growth, but the volatility makes other investors wary.</p>
<p>In terms of market value,&nbsp;<strong>Ethereum was the second biggest cryptocurrency in January 2018</strong>, after only Bitcoin. It maintains that relative status as of 2021. The US authorities detained Ethereum Foundation staffer Virgil Griffith in 2019 for presenting at a blockchain conference in North Korea.&nbsp;<strong>The blockchain underwent a temporary fork on August 27, 2021, as a result of clients running conflicting software versions.</strong></p>
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<div class="jeg_video_container jeg_video_content">&nbsp;</div>
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<h1 id="what-is-ethereum" class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color"><span id="What_is_Ethereum" class="ez-toc-section"></span>What is Ethereum?</h1>
<p>Ethereum is a blockchain that provides a significant amount of functionality for developers that use Ethereum as a foundation for their solutions. The Ethereum blockchain contains&nbsp;<strong>a native token known as Ether (ETH)</strong>, which is&nbsp;<strong>used to pay for Ethereum network activities.</strong></p>
<p>The coin is also traded on cryptocurrency exchanges and its value swings. Other Ethereum-based assets, such as&nbsp;<strong>ERC-20 tokens</strong>, need ETH as payment for fees connected with any transactions using those assets.</p>
<p><strong>The Solidity programming language was used to create the Ethereum blockchain.</strong>&nbsp;The Ethereum Foundation, a non-profit organization, is one of the Ethereum project&rsquo;s overseers.</p>
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<h1 id="outstanding-features" class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color"><span id="Outstanding_Features" class="ez-toc-section"></span>Outstanding Features</h1>
<h2 id="account-based-model"><span id="Account-based_model" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>Account-based model</strong></h2>
<p>An example transaction (between accounts A and B) involving the transfer of ethers from one wallet to another under an account-based approach operates as follows:</p>
<ul class="has-normal-font-size">
<li>Debit from account A.</li>
<li>Credit to account B.</li>
</ul>
<p>All accounts in Ethereum are converted into balances. As a result, a send activity decreases the balance of one account while increasing the balance of another.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-gallery aligncenter has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped"></figure>
<p>In comparison, a UTXO transaction works as follows:&nbsp;<strong>an individual gives money and receives change</strong>&nbsp;<strong>(i.e., unspent amount).</strong></p>
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<p>The account model benefits include:</p>
<ul class="has-normal-font-size">
<li>Significant space savings (transactions require a single signature and produce one output)</li>
<li>Increased fungibility (harder to blacklist funds)</li>
<li>Simplicity (easier to build DApps)</li>
<li>Constant light client reference (light clients can read information from the state tree in any specific direction)</li>
</ul>
<p>Despite these benefits, the account approach may make double-spending and replay attacks easier.</p>
<h2 id="global-state-and-account-structure"><span id="Global_State_and_Account_Structure" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>Global State and Account Structure</strong></h2>
<p>Ethereum Classic is a transaction-based state system at its core. A Merkle tree, which maps account addresses and account statuses, represents the state of Ethereum at any given time.</p>
<p>The inclusion of a new block updates the state of Ethereum Classic. Each block contains legitimate transactions and is linked to the block before it via its header. In simpler terms, a block contains a header as well as all valid transactions that are added.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-gallery aligncenter has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped"></figure>
<p>Ethereum has two types of accounts:&nbsp;<strong>public&nbsp;</strong>and<strong>&nbsp;private</strong>.</p>
<h3 id="externally-owned-accounts-eoa">Externally owned accounts (EOA)</h3>
<p><strong>Externally owned accounts (EOA)</strong>&nbsp;are governed by private keys and do not have a code associated with them. Individuals utilize their private keys to perform&nbsp;actions.</p>
<p>An EOA consists just of the&nbsp;<strong>nonce (the number of transactions sent)</strong>&nbsp;and<strong>&nbsp;the accompanying balance (i.e., number of ethers owned by the account)</strong>.</p>
<p>Contract accounts are managed via their contract code, which is unchangeable once deployed. Aside from nonce and balance, a contract account additionally keeps its&nbsp;<strong>storage hash (i.e., a hash of the Merkle Tree&rsquo;s root)</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>code hash</strong>&nbsp;<strong>(i.e., the hash of the EVM code for this specific account)</strong></p>
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<h2 id="evm-and-smart-contracts"><span id="EVM_and_Smart_Contracts" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>EVM and Smart Contracts</strong></h2>
<h3 id="ethereum-virtual-machine-evm">Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)</h3>
<p>The following is a typical process for deploying contract accounts on the Ethereum blockchain:</p>
<ul class="has-normal-font-size">
<li>The contract is written in a formal language (e.g., Solidity, Vyper).</li>
<li>ABI is created after the code is compiled to bytecode.</li>
<li>These are deployed onto the Ethereum blockchain via a transaction (with gas fees) after being relayed from nodes.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the computer software (or computation engine) that interprets Ethereum blockchain bytecode instructions.</strong>&nbsp;The EVM, in particular, handles all aspects of smart-contract logic, from deployment to execution. The EVM has a simple stack-based architecture with multiple data components based on 256-bit word format:</p>
<ul class="has-normal-font-size">
<li><strong>Program code ROM:</strong>&nbsp;an immutable program with the bytecode deployed for execution of the contract.</li>
<li><strong>Memory:</strong>&nbsp;a component to store data temporarily.</li>
<li><strong>Storage:</strong>&nbsp;a permanent component to store data.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="smart-contracts">Smart-Contracts</h3>
<h4 id="erc-20-tokens">ERC-20 tokens</h4>
<p><strong>An ERC-20 token is a token that implements an EIP-20-defined standardized interface.&nbsp;</strong>An example of Consensys&rsquo; implementation can be found here. Despite the fact that Ethereum&rsquo;s token standards are fully compatible with Ethereum Classic, third-party adoption and interest has been much lower.</p>
<h4 id="auction-contracts">Auction contracts</h4>
<p>Auction contracts are a natural fit for an Ethereum/Ethereum Classic smart contract. For example, one can set up a blind auction in which any EOA can submit bid offers to the contract. It is won by the highest bidder. An example of an open auction implementation can be found in the&nbsp;<a href="https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.5.11/solidity-by-example.html#simple-open-auction" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Solidity documentation</strong></a>.</p>

All about

<div>
 <div>
  <div class="sc-2qtjgt-0 eApVPN">
   <div>
    <h2 id="what-is-ethereum-eth">
     What Is Ethereum (ETH)?
    </h2>
    <p>
     Ethereum is a decentralized open-source
     <a href="#">
      blockchain
     </a>
     system that features its own cryptocurrency, Ether. ETH works as a platform for numerous other
     <a href="#">
      cryptocurrencies
     </a>
     , as well as for the execution of decentralized
     <a href="#">
      smart contracts
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <p>
     Ethereum was first described in a 2013 whitepaper by Vitalik Buterin. Buterin, along with other co-founders, secured funding for the project in an online public crowd sale in the summer of 2014. The project team managed to raise $18.3 million in Bitcoin, and Ethereum’s price in the
     <a href="#">
      Initial Coin Offering
     </a>
     (ICO) was $0.311, with over 60 million Ether sold. Taking Ethereum’s price now, this puts the
     <a href="#">
      return on investment
     </a>
     (ROI) at an annualized rate of over 270%, essentially almost quadrupling your investment every year since the summer of 2014.
    </p>
    <p>
     The Ethereum Foundation officially launched the blockchain on July 30, 2015, under the prototype codenamed “Frontier.” Since then, there has been several network updates — “Constantinople” on Feb. 28, 2019, “Istanbul” on Dec. 8, 2019, “Muir Glacier” on Jan. 2, 2020, “Berlin” on April 14, 2021, and most recently on Aug. 5, 2021, the “London”
     <a href="#">
      hard fork
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <p>
     Ethereum’s own purported goal is to become a global platform for decentralized applications, allowing users from all over the world to write and run software that is resistant to censorship, downtime and fraud.
    </p>
    <h3 id="who-are-the-founders-of-ethereum">
     Who Are the Founders of Ethereum?
    </h3>
    <p>
     Ethereum has a total of eight
     <a href="#">
      co-founders
     </a>
     — an unusually large number for a crypto project. They first met on June 7, 2014, in Zug, Switzerland.
    </p>
    <ul>
     <li>
      Russian-Canadian
      <a href="#">
       Vitalik Buterin
      </a>
      is perhaps the best known of the bunch. He authored the original white paper that first described Ethereum in 2013 and still works on improving the platform to this day. Prior to ETH, Buterin co-founded and wrote for the Bitcoin Magazine news website.
     </li>
     <li>
      British programmer
      <a href="#">
       Gavin Wood
      </a>
      is arguably the second most important co-founder of ETH, as he coded the first technical implementation of Ethereum in the C++ programming language, proposed Ethereum’s native programming language Solidity and was the first chief technology officer of the Ethereum Foundation. Before Ethereum, Wood was a research scientist at Microsoft. Afterward, he moved on to establish the Web3 Foundation.
     </li>
    </ul>
    <p>
     Among the other co-founders of Ethereum are: - Anthony Di Iorio, who underwrote the project during its early stage of development. -
     <a href="#">
      Charles Hoskinson
     </a>
     , who played the principal role in establishing the Swiss-based Ethereum Foundation and its legal framework. - Mihai Alisie, who provided assistance in establishing the Ethereum Foundation. -
     <a href="#">
      Joseph Lubin
     </a>
     , a Canadian entrepreneur, who, like Di Iorio, has helped fund Ethereum during its early days, and later founded an incubator for startups based on ETH called ConsenSys. - Amir Chetrit, who helped co-found Ethereum but stepped away from it early into the development.
    </p>
    <h4 id="what-makes-ethereum-unique">
     What Makes Ethereum Unique?
    </h4>
    <p>
     Ethereum has pioneered the concept of a blockchain smart contract platform. Smart contracts are computer programs that automatically execute the actions necessary to fulfill an agreement between several parties on the internet. They were designed to reduce the need for trusted intermediates between contractors, thus reducing transaction costs while also increasing transaction reliability.
    </p>
    <p>
     Ethereum’s principal innovation was designing a platform that allowed it to execute smart contracts using the blockchain, which further reinforces the already existing benefits of smart contract technology. Ethereum’s blockchain was designed, according to co-founder Gavin Wood, as a sort of “one computer for the entire planet,” theoretically able to make any program more robust, censorship-resistant and less prone to fraud by running it on a globally distributed network of public nodes.
    </p>
    <p>
     In addition to smart contracts, Ethereum’s blockchain is able to host other cryptocurrencies, called “tokens,” through the use of its ERC-20 compatibility standard. In fact, this has been the most common use for the ETH platform so far: to date, more than 280,000 ERC-20-compliant tokens have been launched. Over 40 of these make the top-100 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, for example,
     <a href="#">
      USDT
     </a>
     ,
     <a href="#">
      LINK
     </a>
     and
     <a href="#">
      BNB
     </a>
     . Since the emergence of
     <a href="#">
      Play2Earn
     </a>
     games, there has been a substantial increase in interest in the
     <a href="#">
      ETH to PHP price
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <h2 id="ethereum-london-hard-fork">
     Ethereum London Hard Fork
    </h2>
    <p>
     The Ethereum network has been plagued with high transaction fees, often buckling at seasons of high demand. In May 2021, the average transaction fee of the network peaked at
     <a href="#" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">
      $71.72
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <p>
     In addition to the high cost of transactions, the leading altcoin also suffers from scalability issues.
    </p>
    <p>
     As already mentioned, there are plans to transition to a proof-of-stake algorithm in order to boost the platform’s scalability and add a number of new features. The development team has already begun the transition process to ETH 2.0, implementing some upgrades along the way, including the London hard fork.
    </p>
    <p>
     The London upgrade went live in August 2021. It included five Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), namely EIP-3529, EIP-3198, EIP-3541, and most notably EIP-1559 and EIP-3554.
    </p>
    <p>
     EIP-1559 is arguably the most popular upgrade out of all the EIPs.
    </p>
    <h3 id="what-is-eip-1559">
     What Is EIP-1559?
    </h3>
    <p>
     The EIP-1559 upgrade introduces a mechanism that changes the way gas fees are estimated on the Ethereum blockchain. Before the upgrade, users had to participate in an open auction for their transactions to be picked up by a miner. This process is known as a “first-price auction,” and as expected, the highest bidder wins.
    </p>
    <p>
     With EIP-1559, this process is handled by an automated bidding system, and there is a set “base fee” for transactions to be included in the next block. This fee varies based on how congested the network is. Furthermore, users who wish to speed up their transactions can pay a “priority fee” to a miner for faster inclusion.
    </p>
    <p>
     EIP-1559 also introduces a fee-burning mechanism. A part of every transaction fee (the base fee) is burned and removed out of circulation. This is intended to lower the circulating supply of Ether and potentially increase the value of the token over time.
    </p>
    <p>
     Interestingly, less than two months after the London upgrade was implemented, the network had burned over $1 billion worth of Ether.
    </p>
    <h4 id="related-pages">
     Related Pages:
    </h4>
    <p>
     New to crypto? Learn how to buy Bitcoin
     <a href="#">
      today
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <p>
     Want to keep track of Ethereum price live? Download the
     <a hre

description

<h2 id="key-metrics"><strong>Key metrics</strong></h2>
<ul class="has-normal-font-size">
<li>Token Name:&nbsp;<strong>Ethereum</strong></li>
<li>Ticker:&nbsp;<strong>$ETH</strong></li>
<li>Blockchain:&nbsp;<strong>Ethereum</strong></li>
<li>Token Standard:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-20/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>ERC-20</strong></a>&nbsp;&ndash; A standard interface for fungible (interchangeable) tokens, like voting tokens, staking tokens or virtual currencies.</li>
<li><a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-721/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>ERC-721</strong></a>&nbsp;&ndash; A standard interface for non-fungible tokens, like a deed for artwork or a song.</li>
<li><strong><a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-777/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ERC-777</a></strong>&nbsp;&ndash; Allows people to build extra functionality on top of tokens such as a mixer contract for improved transaction privacy or an emergency recover function to bail you out if you lose your private keys.</li>
<li><a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-1155/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>ERC-1155</strong></a>&nbsp;&ndash; Allows for more efficient trades and bundling of transactions &ndash; thus saving costs. This token standard allows for creating both utility tokens (such as $BNB or $BAT) and Non-Fungible Tokens like CryptoPunks</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Token Type:&nbsp;<strong>Utility, Governance</strong></li>
<li>Total Supply:&nbsp;<strong>118,468,222</strong></li>
<li>Circulating Supply:&nbsp;<strong>118,468,221.87 ETH</strong></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="token-supply-distribution"><span id="Token_Supply_Distribution" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>Token Supply Distribution</strong></h2>
<p>The Ethereum Foundation managed the original token distribution event, which sold about 60 million ethers (80 percent of the initial 72 million ETH supply) to the public. The auction took place between July 22nd and September 2nd, 2014.</p>
<p>However, before the Genesis Block was launched on July 31, 2015, the Ether purchased by crowdsale investors was not usable or transferrable. The price of ether was first established at a discounted rate of 2000 ETH per BTC until August 5, 2019, before dropping linearly to a final rate of 1337 ETH per BTC on August 28, 2014.</p>
<ul class="has-normal-font-size">
<li>In the first 12 hours of the sale,&nbsp;<strong>3,700 BTC were raised.</strong></li>
<li>In the first two weeks, about&nbsp;<strong>25,000 BTC were raised.</strong></li>
<li>The Ethereum Foundation eventually&nbsp;<strong>raised approximately 31,000 BTC</strong>,<strong>&nbsp;or $18.3 million, as a result of the sale</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The remaining 12 million ETH (20% of the initial supply) went to the Foundation and early Ethereum contributors. The following ether was sent to the Foundation:</p>
<ul class="has-normal-font-size">
<li>3 million were set aside for a long-term endowment.</li>
<li>6 million dollars were divided among 85 developers who donated prior to the crowdsale.</li>
<li>3 million were created as a &ldquo;developer purchase program,&rdquo; which allowed Ethereum developers to buy ether at crowdsale pricing.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="roadmap-business-development"><span id="Roadmap_Business_Development" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>Roadmap Business Development</strong></h2>
<h3 id="ethereum-2-0-roadmap">Ethereum 2.0 Roadmap</h3>
<p>The release of Ethereum 2.0 is divided into three parts:</p>
<ul class="has-normal-font-size">
<li><strong>The Beacon Change</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Merge</strong></li>
<li><strong>The Shard chains</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>In December 2020, the Beacon Change (Phase 0)</strong>, which implemented the PoS algorithm, was first launched.&nbsp;<strong>PoS algorithms use less energy than PoW algorithms and are used in Cardano staking.</strong>&nbsp;Ethereum Staking is currently being tested, it will be released in 2022</p>
<p>&lsquo;<strong>The merge&rsquo; is the next stage.</strong>&nbsp;This significant phase will see the integration of the Beacon Chain into the mainnet and the end of PoW algorithms. &lsquo;The merger&rsquo; is&nbsp;<strong>expected to take place in 2021.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Shard chains will be implemented as the final upgrade planned for ETH2.0 This is scheduled for 2022.</strong>&nbsp;Because transactions can be split across 64 new chains, introducing sharding to Ethereum 2.0 should allow for increased scaling of Ethereum.</p>
<p>Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin defined scalability as&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;even more vital than Proof-of-Stake&rdquo;</strong>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/suss.sg/videos/1174940702643388" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a keynote speech at the Singapore University of Social Sciences.</a></p>
<h2 id="updates"><span id="Updates" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>Updates</strong></h2>
<h3 id="altair-upgrade">Altair Upgrade</h3>
<p>Altair is the first upgrade for Ethereum 2.0&rsquo;s Beacon Chain that has been launched on October 27, and it represents another significant step toward the complete release of ETH 2.0. The Beacon Chain augments the Ethereum network with staking and will eventually combine with the mainnet to eliminate Ethereum mining.</p>
<p>In conclusion, this upgrade, as detailed in&nbsp;<strong><a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2982#initial-punitive-parameters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EIP-2982</a></strong>, will introduce punitive parameters, or in-protocol penalties, for validators in order to further secure the network.</p>

Technical Data

<h2 class="MuiBox-root jss1187"><strong>Community</strong></h2>
<p>Ethereum has a huge community. Twitter has more than <a href="https://twitter.com/ethereum/">2.6M followers</a></p>
<h2><img style="font-size: 14px;" src="https://imagesofcmsprod.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/image1655889588011.image" />Investor</h2>
<p><img src="https://imagesofcmsprod.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/image1655889613292.image" /></p>

Community and Backer

<figure id="Ethereum" class="wp-block-video aligncenter"></figure>
<p>Overall,&nbsp;<strong>Ethereum was the first to introduce the concept of a blockchain smart contract platform.</strong>&nbsp;Smart contracts are computer programs that automatically carry out the actions required to fulfill an agreement reached between multiple parties over the internet. They were created to eliminate the need for trusted intermediaries between contractors, lowering transaction costs while increasing transaction reliability.</p>
<p>The main innovation of Ethereum was the creation of a platform that allowed it to execute smart contracts using the blockchain, which reinforces the already existing benefits of smart contract technology.</p>
<p>Read Full Article: <a href="https://coincu.com/currencies/eth-ethereum/stories/">CLICK HERE&nbsp;</a></p>

Verdict 

Uniswap (UNI) is a cryptocurrency launched in 2020and operates on the Ethereum platform. Uniswap has a current supply of 1,000,000,000 with 686,833,579.6736968 in circulation. The last known price of Uniswap is 10.19938014 USD and is down -4.92 over the last 24 hours. It is currently trading on 339 active market(s) with $341,631,530.57 traded over the last 24 hours. More information can be found at https://uniswap.org/blog/uni/.

Uniswap

<h3 id="section-3">Key Metrics UNI&nbsp;</h3>
<ul>
<li>Token Name: Uniswap.</li>
<li>Ticker: UNI.</li>
<li>Blockchain: Ethereum.</li>
<li>Token Standard: ERC-20.</li>
<li>Contract: 0x1f9840a85d5af5bf1d1762f925bdaddc4201f984</li>
<li>Token type: Governnance.</li>
<li>Total Supply: 1,000,000,000 UNI.</li>
<li>Circulating Supply: 519,857,388 UNI.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="section-4">UNI&nbsp;Token Allocation</h3>
<ul>
<li>Community: 60%.</li>
<li>Team: 21.51%.</li>
<li>Investors: 17.8%.</li>
<li>Advisors: 0.69%.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="image"><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/mf-ira69k7-8ZAaiigMBKlZex6hkKFk3_RamELcL4uF0LJqDLk6Fa-hCUFnDvFRd33Np5FPyd6jE6WziY0HoxBnaOpPVCPEnX9uTHuuLDYZ6lP53npTb-djaOm2V7xrWRHkuHZ0S" />
<figcaption></figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 id="section-6">UNI&nbsp;Token Release Schedule</h3>
<p><img src="https://imagesofcmsprod.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/image1656605174678.image" /></p>
<h3 id="section-7">UNI&nbsp;Token Use Case</h3>
<p>Governance</p>

<h2><strong>Uniswap Flash Swaps: Are They Safe?</strong></h2>
<p>Flash swaps, sometimes known as flash loans, were coined by&nbsp;<strong><a href="https://medium.com/marbleorg/introducing-marble-a-smart-contract-bank-c9c438a12890" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marble Protocol&rsquo;s Max Wolff in 2018</a></strong>. He called his innovation a &ldquo;smart contract bank&rdquo; at the time because it allows for zero-risk loans.</p>
<p>However, we&rsquo;ve recently observed a surge in flash loan assaults across a variety of protocols, including bZx, in which an attacker flees with thousands of tokens obtained for free via flash loans.</p>
<p>A flash loan attacker takes advantage of market inefficiencies and then repays the initial loan while keeping the surplus acquired from trading those market imbalances.</p>
<p>Some industry executives claim that this poses a severe risk to the DeFi area; however, others blame the incidence of flash loan assaults on the&nbsp;<a href="https://news.coincu.com/31181-defi-protocol-bzx-suffers-from-phishing-attack-loss-of-approximately-55-million/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bZx protocol&rsquo;s lack of security.</a></p>
<h1 class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color"><span id="Conclusion" class="ez-toc-section"></span>Conclusion</h1>
<p>It is indisputable that automated liquidity provisioning has given the DeFi space a significant boost, resulting in many new and more sophisticated trading opportunities. However, only time will tell whether swaps were the right decision for the crypto industry. Here&rsquo;s a quick rundown of the benefits and drawbacks of using Uniswap.</p>
<h2><span id="Pros" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>Pros</strong></h2>
<ul>
<li>Decentralized</li>
<li>Any new token can gain direct liquidity by submitting their token for exchange to the Uniswap V2 routing contract.</li>
<li>Trades are less expensive as compared to a DEX or centralized exchange.</li>
<li>Contributing liquidity to liquidity pools can benefit liquidity providers.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="Cons" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>Cons</strong></h2>
<ul>
<li>Flash switch assaults are a possibility.</li>
<li>It continues to rely on arbitrage trading to correct market imbalances. However, arbitrage trading occurs in any natural market to quickly eliminate imbalances.</li>
<li>Forgery of token listings</li>
<li>Currently, rising gas costs due to the huge amount of trades make Uniswap trading a more expensive activity.</li>
</ul>
<p>If you have any questions, comments, suggestions, or ideas about the project, please email&nbsp;<a href="mailto:ventures@coincu.com">ventures@coincu.com</a>.</p>
<p><strong>DISCLAIMER</strong>: The Information on this website is provided as general market commentary, and does not constitute investment advice. We encourage you to do your own research before investing.</p>

Verdict

<p>You may have heard of<strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://uniswap.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uniswap</a></strong>, which has been a controversial topic in the DeFi community. Hayden Adams originally developed the Uniswap protocol after being inspired by Vitalik Buterin&rsquo;s post about the market maker equation X * Y = K. Hayden took a rational approach to the problem, developing Uniswap, a protocol for automated liquidity provisioning. Let&rsquo;s find out more details about Uniswap to understand how it works and what are the risks of it!</p>
<h1 id="what-is-uniswap" class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color"><span id="What_is_Uniswap" class="ez-toc-section"></span>What is Uniswap?</h1>
<p>Uniswap is a completely different form of exchange that is completely decentralized &ndash; that is, it is not owned and run by a single company &ndash; and employs a very new trading methodology known as an automatic liquidity protocol.</p>
<p><strong>The Uniswap platform was established in 2018 on the Ethereum blockchain,</strong>&nbsp;the world&rsquo;s second-largest cryptocurrency project by market capitalization, making it interoperable with all ERC-20 tokens and infrastructure such as wallet services such as MetaMask and MyEtherWallet.</p>
<p>Uniswap is also totally open source, which means that anyone may copy the code and use it to build their own decentralized exchanges. It even allows users to list tokens for free on the market. Normal centralized exchanges are profit-driven and demand exorbitant fees to list new coins, thus this is a significant distinction. Because Uniswap is a decentralized exchange (DEX), users have complete control over their funds at all times, as opposed to a centralized exchange, which requires traders to hand over control of their private keys so that orders can be logged on an internal database rather than executed on a blockchain, which is more time consuming and expensive.</p>
<h1 class="has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color"><span id="How_Uniswap_works" class="ez-toc-section"></span>How Uniswap works?</h1>
<p>Uniswap is powered by two smart contracts:&nbsp;<strong>&ldquo;Exchange&rdquo;</strong>&nbsp;and<strong>&nbsp;&ldquo;Factory.</strong>&rdquo; These are computer programs that are programmed to conduct specific tasks when certain criteria are satisfied. The factory smart contract is used in this case to add new tokens to the platform, while the exchange contract handles all token swaps, or &ldquo;trades.&rdquo; On the improved Uniswap v.2 platforms, any ERC20-based token can be swapped for another.</p>
<h2><span id="Automated_liquidity_protocol" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>Automated liquidity protocol</strong></h2>
<p>An automated liquidity protocol is used by Uniswap to tackle the liquidity problem (mentioned in the introduction) of centralized exchanges. This operates by incentivizing exchange traders to become liquidity providers (LPs): Users on Uniswap pool their funds to form a fund that is used to perform all deals on the platform. Each token listed has its own pool to which users can contribute, and the values for each token are calculated using a mathematical algorithm operated by a computer</p>
<p>A buyer or seller does not have to wait for the opposing party to emerge in order to conclude a transaction with this approach. Instead, they can execute any deal quickly at a known price as long as there is enough liquidity in the pool to make it possible.</p>
<p>Each LP receives a token that symbolizes their staked commitment to the pool in exchange for putting up their funds.&nbsp;<strong><em>For example, if you contributed $10,000 to a liquidity pool with a total value of $100,000</em></strong>,&nbsp;<strong><em>you would receive a token representing 10% of that pool.</em></strong>&nbsp;This token can be exchanged for a portion of the trading costs. Uniswap charges consumers a fixed 0.3% fee for each trade executed on the platform, which is instantly transferred to a liquidity reserve.</p>
<p>When a liquidity provider decides to withdraw, they receive a percentage of the total fees from the reserve based on the amount they staked in that pool. The token they received, which keeps track of how much money they owe, is then destroyed.</p>
<p>Following the Uniswap v.2 upgrade, a new protocol fee was implemented, which can be switched on or off by a community vote and essentially transfers 0.05 percent of every 0.30% trading charge to a Uniswap fund to fund future development. This charge option is currently disabled; however, if it is enabled, LPs will begin receiving 0.25% of pool trading fees.</p>
<h2><span id="How_Does_Uniswaps_Automated_Liquidity_Provisioning_Work" class="ez-toc-section"></span><strong>How Does Uniswap&rsquo;s Automated Liquidity Provisioning Work?</strong></h2>
<p><strong>The X and Y in the &ldquo;X * Y = K&rdquo; equation reflect the number of available ETH and ERC20 tokens</strong>, respectively. Whereas K is a constant that can be set by the designers of the Uniswap exchange contract. K may appear to be a random constant, but it is the most important. When you multiply X by Y, the result must always be equal to K.</p>
<p>The graph below illustrates the function K, which is a constant. Token B (ETH) is represented on the Y-axis, whereas token A (ERC20) is represented on the X-axis. The first red dot (old position) reflects the current price for swapping this ETH-ERC20 pair based on the current ETH token balance versus ERC20 tokens.</p>
<p>As a result, the balance of ETH tokens falls while the balance of ERC20 tokens rises. This means that the red dot will migrate to the new location as the liquidity pool contains more ERC20 tokens and fewer ETH tokens. To put it another way, it&rsquo;s a very simple pricing algorithm in which the price rate advances along with a graph.</p>
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter"><img title="DeFi 101: What is Uniswap? How does it work? 2" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/w_371+q_lossless+ret_img+to_webp/https://cryptopotato.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/uniswap1-min.png" alt="uniswap1-min" data-pin-no-hover="true" /></figure>
<p>Read More:<a href="https://coincu.com/currencies/uni-uniswap/stories/"> Click Here</a></p>
</div>

<p>With Uniswap V2, many new features have been added, such as price oracles, flash swaps, and a swapping router. This is the most critical aspect to grasp in order to gain a better understanding of how Uniswap routes tokens between liquidity pools.</p>
<h3>Uniswap V1 Swaps</h3>
<p>Uniswap V1 always executes two trades. An initial trade to convert your ERC20 token to ETH, followed by a second trade to convert your ETH back to your desired ERC20 token. In other words, the end-user is charged twice.</p>
<p>This posed a couple of limitations on the use of Uniswap:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Higher fees</strong></li>
<li><strong>Uniswap strongly tied to the use of ETH</strong></li>
<li><strong>Not possible to swap ERC20 tokens directly with other ERC20 tokens.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>For the above reasons, Uniswap V2 has been created.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-gallery aligncenter has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped">
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter"><img title="DeFi 101: What is Uniswap? How does it work? 3" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/w_964+q_lossless+ret_img+to_webp/https://cryptopotato.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/uniswap2-min.png" alt="Uniswap V1 Swaps" data-pin-no-hover="true" /></figure>
</div>
</figure>
<h3>Uniswap V2 Swaps</h3>
<p>Uniswap V2 gives end-users three alternatives for exchanging tokens via the &ldquo;<strong>Router Contract.</strong>&ldquo;</p>
<p>The Router Contract is simply a contract that has routing logic to route your tokens to the appropriate swapping contract. In other words, the router contract is aware of every Uniswap V2 swapping contract.</p>
<p>Here are the three exchanging options:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>A straight exchange of two ERC20 pairs. Two stablecoins, for example, DAI/USDC, might be highly handy for traders.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Traditional ETH swap, where you pay costs twice.</strong></li>
<li><strong>Custom path swaps allow you to create a more complex switching path to convert your DAI to USDC, such as DAI/ETH, ETH/BAT, BAT/USDT, and USDT/USDC. Traders are frequently presented with intriguing arbitrage chances as a result of this.</strong></li>
</ul>
<figure class="wp-block-gallery aligncenter has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped">
<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter"><img title="DeFi 101: What is Uniswap? How does it work? 4" src="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/spai/w_815+q_lossless+ret_img+to_webp/https://cryptopotato.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/uniswap3-min.png" alt="Uniswap V2 Swaps" data-pin-no-hover="true" /></figure>
</div>
</figure>

Uniswap V1 and V2

<div>
 <div>
  <div class="sc-2qtjgt-0 eApVPN">
   <div>
    <h2 id="what-is-uniswap-uni">
     What Is Uniswap (UNI)?
    </h2>
    <p>
     <a href="#">
      Uniswap
     </a>
     is a popular decentralized trading protocol, known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (
     <a href="#">
      DeFi
     </a>
     ) tokens.
    </p>
    <p>
     An example of an automated market maker (
     <a href="#">
      AMM
     </a>
     ), Uniswap launched in November 2018, but has gained considerable popularity this year thanks to the DeFi phenomenon and associated surge in token trading.
    </p>
    <p>
     Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated and completely open to anyone who holds tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.
    </p>
    <p>
     Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding the problems which plagued the first decentralized exchanges.
    </p>
    <p>
     In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating and awarding its own
     <a href="#">
      governance token
     </a>
     , UNI, to past users of the protocol. This added both profitability potential and the ability for users to shape its future — an attractive aspect of decentralized entities.
    </p>
    <h2 id="who-are-the-founders-of-uniswap">
     Who Are the Founders of Uniswap?
    </h2>
    <p>
     Uniswap came about as a plan to introduce AMMs on
     <a href="#">
      Ethereum
     </a>
     to a wider audience. The platform’s creator is Ethereum developer Hayden Adams.
    </p>
    <p>
     Adams worked in various projects while finalizing Uniswap, and his work was informed directly by Ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin. Buterin even ended up giving the protocol its name — it was originally known as Unipeg.
    </p>
    <p>
     Adams has also said that the original inspiration for the
     <a href="#">
      Uniswap platform
     </a>
     came from one of Buterin’s own blog posts. His original idea to focus on Ethereum came after a friend convinced him to begin researching and understanding the protocol in 2017.
    </p>
    <h3 id="what-makes-uniswap-unique">
     What Makes Uniswap Unique?
    </h3>
    <p>
     Uniswap exists to create liquidity — and therefore trading and the value that trading provides — for the DeFi sphere.
    </p>
    <p>
     One of the major AMMs in operation at present, the protocol functions using a formula for automated exchange — X x Y = K. Founder Hayden Adams describes himself as the inventor of the particular implementation of the formula on Uniswap.
    </p>
    <p>
     Uniswap is not just a decentralized exchange; it attempts to solve the issues that platforms such as
     <a href="#">
      EtherDelta
     </a>
     experienced with liquidity.
    </p>
    <p>
     By automating the process of market making, the protocol inceventizes activity by limiting risk and reducing costs for all parties. The mechanism also removes identity requirements for users, and technically anyone can create a liquidity pool for any pair of tokens.
    </p>
    <p>
     According to Uniswap, their governance token (UNI) was created in order to “officially enshrin[e] Uniswap as publicly-owned and self-sustainable infrastructure while continuing to carefully protect its indestructible and autonomous qualities.”
    </p>
    <p>
     Uniswap V2 launched on Nov. 2, 2018, and introduced new features like ERC-20 pairs, price
     <a href="#">
      oracles
     </a>
     , flash swaps and more. The latest version — Uniswap V3, launched on the mainnet on May 5, 2021. It features greater capital efficiency for
     <a href="#">
      liquidity providers
     </a>
     , better execution for traders and enhanced infrastructure. Uniswap price reached an
     <a href="#">
      all-time high
     </a>
     (ATH) of $44.97 leading up to the mainnet launch of V3. Since it’s launch there has been substantial interest in it’s
     <a href="#">
      UNI to AUD
     </a>
     and
     <a href="#">
      UNI to EUR
     </a>
     price pairs.
    </p>
    <h4 id="related-pages">
     Related Pages:
    </h4>
    <p>
     Learn more about Balancer
     <a href="#" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">
      here
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <p>
     Learn more about Curve
     <a href="#" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">
      here
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <p>
     New to DeFi and cryptocurrency? Check out our education resources
     <a href="#">
      here
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <p>
     <a href="#">
      Uniswap vs Pancakeswap
     </a>
    </p>
    <p>
     Want to keep track of Uniswap (UNI) price live? Download the
     <a href="#">
      CoinCu mobile app
     </a>
     !
    </p>
    <p>
     Want to convert the Uniswap (UNI) price today to your desired fiat currency? Check out
     <a href="#">
      CoinCu exchange rate calculator
     </a>
     .
    </p>
    <h3 id="how-many-uniswap-uni-coins-are-there-in-circulation">
     <strong>
      How Many Uniswap (UNI) Coins Are There In Circulation?
     </strong>
    </h3>
    <p>
     The total supply of Uniswap’s governance token, UNI, is 1 billion units. These will become available over the course of four years, after which Uniswap will introduce a “perpetual inflation rate” of 2% to maintain network participation.
    </p>
    <p>
     Token distribution currently consists of the following: 60% to Uniswap community members, i.e. users, 21.51% to team members, 17.8% to investors and 0.69% to advisors. The latter three distributions will occur according to a four-year vesting schedule.
    </p>
    <p>
     Out of the majority set to go to users, 15% can be claimed by those who used Uniswap prior to Sep. 1, 2020. These even include users who submitted transactions which were never successful — they are eligible for 400 UNI.
    </p>
    <p>
     The UNI token serves the purpose of enabling shared community ownership in the growth and development of the decentralized protocol. This allows UNI holders to participate in the governance of the Uniswap protocol and wider ecosystem, in a neutral and trustless manner. The success and adoption of Uniswap products will positively impact Uniswap price, hence incentivizing token holders to contribute to the self-sustaining development of the ecosystem.
    </p>
    <p>
     Four years after the UNI token launch, in September 2024, a perpetual inflation rate of 2% annually will take effect. This is to ensure that participation in the Uniswap ecosystem continues, by disincentivizing passive holders.
    </p>
    <h3 id="how-is-the-uniswap-network-secured">
     <strong>
      How Is the Uniswap Network Secured?
     </strong>
    </h3>
    <p>
     Uniswap is a decentralized protocol for trading, and UNI is its in-house governance token. UNI is an
     <a href="#">
      ERC-20
     </a>
     token, meaning it requires Ethereum to function.
    </p>
    <p>
     ERC-20 merely defines a set of rules for tokens, as well as security considerations mainly related to the strength of the Ethereum network. For example, congestion can hike the price of
     <a href="#">
      gas
     </a>
     needed to perform transactions, leading to delays and abnormally high transaction fees, which impact all participants.
    </p>
    <p>
     Separately,
     <a href="#">
      smart contracts
     </a>
     can cause security issues that could lead to DeFi traders losing funds; in fact, hackers have already succeeded in stealing millions of dollars in DeFi’s short lifetime as of September 2021.
    </p>
    <h3 id="where-can-you-buy-uniswap-uni">
     Where Can You Buy Uniswap (UNI)?
    </h3>
    <p>
     Uniswap’s UNI governance token is available for trading on major exchanges against other cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, fiat currencies and more.
    </p>
    <p>
     These include
     <a href="#">
      Binance
  

UNICORN Token (UNI) is a cryptocurrency launched in 2019and operates on the Ethereum platform. UNICORN Token has a current supply of 9,800,000,000 with 106,912,508.514 in circulation. The last known price of UNICORN Token is 0.00008843 USD and is up 1.50 over the last 24 hours. It is currently trading on 1 active market(s) with $4.87 traded over the last 24 hours. More information can be found at https://unicorn.cm/.

UNICORN Token

<div>
 <p>
 </p>
 <div>
  <div class="sc-2qtjgt-0 eApVPN">
   <span>
    UNI aims to create a non-probable cross-chain environment. It is working on the UNI main chain and Phoenix cross-chain system.
   </span>
  </div>
 </div>
</div>

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